well to begin with, micro USB connectors are very very sensitive. clean them regularly with some alcohol-based cleaner, or google it up to see how some people clean it with some oil-based cleaner. i wouldn't do it though lol
second, there are various grades of USB cable. i learned this in school almost a decade ago. some are lower grade ones does not have all the pins/wires as higher grade ones. the rest are in the middle where the cables exist but are very thin to be usable by certain devices. some have 4 wires, some 5, and some uses the 5th and some doesn't. and there are many devices which uses different signal strength and pin combinations. some higher grade ones even enjoyed the nice rating of "2.0 cable" although usually its just thicker pairs of wires. some sacrifice length to gain power, and others vice versa. some manufacturers have their own cables even, some with 8 pins...
so its very natural to have some cables works differently for different devices.
unfortunately, however, there's no agreeable "certification", if u wish, for which cables are data-transfer-capable, which aren't. no signs or prints on the cable itself that can *guarantee* you it can do data transfer.
but for me, personally, the rule of thumb is to spend the extra $ for a nicer (intended for PC), thicker (USB 2.0 or 3.0 cert), shorter cable (no more than 3ft). and thinner USB cables that comes with 3rd party chargers are good only for that... charging.
u can read more here:
Universal Serial Bus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia